Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases Regina Marin Gas is called the state of matter in which, under certain conditions of temperature and pressure, its molecules cross-react only weakly with each other without forming molecular bonds, taking the shape and volume of their container and tending to separate , and expand, their best for their high kinetic energy. Gases are highly compressible fluids that experience large changes in density with temperature and pressure. Molecules constituting a gas almost are not attracted by each other, so that they move in space at high speed and quite separated from each other, thus explaining the properties: The gas molecules are virtually free, so that they are able to be distributed throughout the space in which they are contained. The gravitational attraction and forces between molecules are negligible compared to the rate at which the molecules are moving. Gases completely occupy the volume of their container. Gases have no definite shape, embracing the vessels containing them. Can easily be compressed, because there are large gaps between molecules, and other. At ambient temperature and pressure gases can be elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, fluorine and noble gases, compounds such as carbon dioxide or propane, or mixtures like air. For the thermal behavior of particles of matter there are four measurable quantities that are of great interest: pressure, volume, temperature and mass of the sample material (or better amount of substance, measured in moles). Any gas is considered a fluid because it has properties that allow it to behave as such. Its molecules in constant motion, colliding elastically with each other and against the walls of the vessel containing the gas, against which exert a constant pressure. If the gas is heated, the heat energy is spent on kinetic energy of the molecules, that is, the molecules move more quickly, so that the number of collisions with the walls of the vessel increases in number and energy. As a consequence the gas pressure increases, and if the container walls are not rigid, gas volume increases. A gas tends to be chemically active because its molecular surface is also large, that is, to be its particles in continuous motion colliding with each other, this makes it easier the contact between a substance and another, increasing the rate of reaction in compared to liquid or solid. To better understand the behavior of a gas, where studies are conducted with respect to the ideal gas, although it never actually exists and its properties are: A pure gaseous substance consists of molecules of the same size and mass. A gaseous mixture is formed by different molecules in size and mass. Due to the large distance between molecules and other and that move at high speed, the forces of attraction between the molecules are considered negligible. The size of the gas molecules is very small, so that the volume occupied by the molecules is negligible compared with the total volume of the container. The density of a gas is very low. The gas molecules are in constant motion at high speed, so continuously collide elastically with each other and against the walls of their container. As part of the kinetic theory, the gas pressure is explained as the macroscopic result of the forces involved by collisions of gas molecules with the walls of the container. The pressure can thus be defined with reference to the microscopic properties of the gas. The kinetic theory of gases is a physical and chemical theory that explains the behavior and macroscopic properties of gases (ideal gas law), from a statistical description of the microscopic molecular processes. The kinetic theory was developed based on studies of physical and Daniel Bernoulli in the eighteenth century, Ludwig Boltzmann and James Clerk Maxwell in the late nineteenth century. This branch describes the thermal physical properties of the gases. These systems contain huge numbers of atoms or molecules, and the only reasonable way to understand the thermal properties based on molecular mechanics, we find certain dynamical quantities of average type and relate the observed physical properties of the system with t hese properties averaged molecular dynamics . Techniques to relate the overall macroscopic behavior of material systems with the average behavior of their molecular components are statistical mechanics. The main theorems of the kinetic theory are: The number of molecules is large and the average separation between them is large compared with their dimensions. Therefore occupy an insignificant volume when compared to the volume of the container and are considered point masses. The molecules obey Newton's laws, but individually they move randomly, each with different rates, but with an average speed that does not change with time. The molecules perform elastic collisions with each other, therefore both the linear momentum is conserved as the kinetic energy of the molecules. The gas is considered pure, in other words all molecules are identical. The gas is in thermal equilibrium with the walls of the container. As part of the kinetic theory of a gas pressure is explained as the macroscopic result of the forces involved by collisions of gas molecules with the walls of the container. The pressure can thus be defined with reference to the microscopic properties of the gas. It is generally believed that there is more pressure if the particles are in the solid state, if they are in liquid state is minimal distance between them and finally if you are in the gaseous state are far apart. Indeed, for an ideal gas with N molecules , each moving mass m with a random speed average content in a cubic volume V of the gas particles impacting with the wall of the container in a manner that can be calculated in a statistical manner exchanging momentum with the walls in each shock and effecting a net force per unit area that is the pressure exerted by the gas on the solid surface. The pressure can be calculated with this formula: The equation above states that the gas pressure is directly dependent on the molecular kinetic energy. The ideal gas law allows us to ensure that the pressure is proportional to the absolute temperature. These two statements allow one of the most important statements of the kinetic theory: The average molecular energy is proportional to temperature. The proportional constant is 3/2 is the Boltzmann constant, which in turn is the ratio of the gas constant R between the Avogadro number. So in a few words, the kinetic theory is a physical theory, based on a few facts: The density of the gas is very small. Individually molecules move randomly and at different speeds, which increases or decreases while the temperature and the movement causes them from hitting each other, increasing the pressure when striking more times. The cohesive forces or intermolecular forces in gases are almost nil. If all of the molecules forming the gas are identical, is said to be a pure gas. Bibliography: http://www.chm.davidson.edu/vce/kineticmoleculartheory/basicconcepts.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_theory http://www.sparknotes.com/chemistry/gases/kinetic/summary.html http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kinetic/kinthe.html

Sigmund Freud and Everyday Use :: Everyday Use essays

Sigmund Freud and Everyday Use Sigmund Freud is best known for his development and use of psychoanalysis. The theory of psychoanalysis focuses on the concept of how our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and emotions play an active role in our daily lives. The id, ego, and superego are the three mental zones that encompass our psyche. Each zone has a specific function: The id functions on the pleasure principle; the ego on the protection of the individual; and the superego on protection of society. The degree of which each zone has been developed can be broken down and then analyzed. These three zones can be visualized by imagining a pie cut into three slices. Every individual is composed of different amounts of each mental zone. The ultimate goal is to achieve the perfect balance of the three areas by understanding how each area works alone and contributes to make the whole. In the short story "Everyday Use" by Alice Walker, Dee's actions are clearly attributed to her over and under development in specific mental zones. Dee, rather Wangero as she prefers being called, suffers from an overdeveloped id, a distorted sense of ego, and an underdeveloped superego. With this degree of pull and tug, misunderstandings are a common experience between Dee (Wangero) and her peers. The id is the main energy source for the psyche. The id " '...knows no values, no good and evil, no morality' " (HCAL 130); it functions on instinctual motives. Dee (Wangero) possesses a straightforward, rather blunt, disposition about life. Life is hers for the taking and she dares anything to stand in her way. She takes on the attitude that the world was created to satisfy her. Since the world gave her books to read, she expected the world to listen to her read; because the world giving her clothing options to choose from, she expected the world to respect her choices; in changing her name, she expected the world to honor this change. Her id was overdeveloped because she acted on instinctual sources rather than moral for her decisions. The overdeveloped id frequently appears when the self-centered, self-serving side of her become more prominent than her outward orientated, selfless side.

M•A•C (Makeup Art Cosmetics) Essay

Today, the cosmetic industry is a very innovative and competitive industry where product innovation and brand image is the key to success. One of the world’s cosmetics leading brands nowadays is M†¢A†¢C, standing for Makeup Art Cosmetics. The purpose of this essay is to present M.A.C’s branding strategies and it differentiation to the competitors. Brand Overview Makeup Art Cosmetics or M†¢A†¢C is one of the world’s fastest growing cosmetic brands. M.A.C’s creation was first in 1984 by two men, Frank Angelo, a successful businessman of a salon’s chain in Toronto, and Frank Tosken, a seasoned makeup artist and photographer. At first M.A.C was only used among the professional makeup artists. Then, by word of mouth, it spread to the public. After that, in 1994, M.A.C was purchased by the Estee Lauder who owns many of the world’s popular cosmetic brands, and headquartered in the United States in New York and in Canada, Toronto has the largest branch. M.A.C continues to be a testimonial brand, which is specialized for eyes, lips, face, skincare products, nails, brushes and fragrance. Brand Management M†¢A†¢C sells cosmetics of high quality that is intended for professional as well as everyday users, who are seeking for colorful, fashionable and creative makeup products. One of M.A.C’s brand personality traits is cosmopolitan, which has positioned itself for individuals of every color, race and ethnicity, which is reflected via its motto: All ages, all races, all sexes, all M.A.C. This brand is typically sold in high-end department stores. They also have their own stand-alone stores, as well as an online shop. Brand Differentiation The brand is very popular because of its delicate texture, artistry, creativity, durability and huge choice of colors from pale nudes to bright colors. The products are also very well tolerated on every skin type and its items are also suitable for women with sensitive eyes (MAC, 2007). The prices of the M.A.C cosmetics are comparable with other high quality world cosmetic brands. M.A.C is now part of the international authority of the production and marketing of high-quality skin care, cosmetics, perfume and hair care products Lauder COS. Consumers are a young and fashionable people. Lesson Learned I have learned the importance of branding and brand management from the course. Brand is very essential for all products and services. It can tell not only a name, sign and symbol of the goods and services of the sellers, but it can also be a competitive advantage for manufacturer, when consumers trust in the products and services. For consumers, brand is a symbolic device or signal of quality, which can refer to a promise and bond with maker of product(s) in every industry. With true creative, artistic and colorful make-up products, the brand â€Å"Makeup Art Cosmetics or M†¢A†¢C† is one of the world’s trustful products which has a successful brand management, positioning and differentiation. [pic] [pic] Reference 1. http://www.maccosmetics.com 2. http://www.holypod.net/tag/make-up-art-cosmetics/ 3. http://www.enjoy-your-style.com/mac-cosmetics.html

Carnival Cruise Lines - 1302 Words

Carnival Cruise Lines is a British-American owned cruise line based in the Doral suburb of Miami, Florida (Carnival Cruise Lines, n.d.). The company offers vacations that appeal to a wide range of lifestyles and budgets. Carnival was founded in 1972 as an independent company by Ted Arison. The cruise line company became known as the world’s most popular cruise line and in 1987 it made an initial public offering of 20 percent of its common stock. The public offering provided the company with an influx of capital that allowed the company to begin expanding through acquisitions. The company formed Carnival Corporation plc in 1994 and Carnival Cruise Lines became its flagship brand (Mission History, 2010). Carnival Corporation has acquired†¦show more content†¦The hybrid structure is under Carnival Cruise Lines which is only one of the brands under Carnival Corporation plc. The corporation doesn’t have a long hierarchy of authority instead it has a few layers of corporate officers and board of directors (Officers, 2010). There are six corporate officers that consist of executive, operating and financial officers, as well as vice presidents of shared services for the multiple brands, general counsel and controller for the corporation. The cruise line only has one executive officer. Gerald R. Cahill is Carnival Cruise Lines’ only president and chief executive officer except for the executives over the Australia and UK divisions. Majority of the company’s employees are shipboard. There is a one-to-three ratio of staff to passenger on every carnival ship, ensuring excellent customer service. Carnival has a horizontal communication amongst the six corporate officers and board of directors. 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